Female Reproductive System – Let’s talk about sex

**This episode contains sexual health material**

Let’s Talk About Sex: Female Reproductive System

Okay, hold up—I know
the perfect song for this episode. Awkwafina’s “My Vag”.

I like the way you work
it…no diggity, got to bag it up.

            “My vag like an operatic ballad

            Yo vag like Grandpa’s cabbage”

Let’s be perfectly
honest about a few things: One, I can’t sing, and two, there is no way I could
do this song justice, so do me a favor. Pause this podcast, go and listen to
Awkwafina’s song “My Vag”, then hit play on this podcast. And if that song
doesn’t get you seriously excited to learn about the female reproductive
system, then listen to it again. And don’t “at” me about a vag song because
there are so many songs about penises.

Maybe I should mention
that this episode does have sexual health material—so this is your warning.
We’re gonna be talking about vagina’s and periods and all of those hormones
that make it all happen.

Welcome to the Cell-fie Life. This is Nikaela and I wanted to thank you, so much, for listening. If you have questions or comments or corrections, please let me know. The best way to reach me is either the website CellfieLife.com or on Insta @thiscellfielife.

You guys subscribe to this podcast. Just hit that little button and then you will get the latest episode automatically. There really is no downside to subscribing. Seriously.

Are you guys ready for this? You all know that females have a complicated reproductive system and it’s cause we can grow new humans. New humans. That is just crazy to me. So take a deep breath and dive in.

Last note before we
begin in earnest. This episode is about biological sex and not gender
expression.

Okay, now, let’s talk
about the ladies, which are hella-complicated, but we can get this all sorted.

The major reproductive organs for females include the ovaries, which are homologous to the testes, meaning they came from the same precursor during development. The ovaries are where the ova, a.k.a. the gametes are produced. Then there’s the uterus. Or, as I like to call it sometimes, the baby box. But we’re being science-y here, so it’s “the uterus”. The uterus is where a viable progeny develops. I say “viable” because ectopic pregnancies are pregnancies where implantation happens outside the uterus. This is super dangerous for mothers if not caught in time. And finally, breasts are also included in reproductive organs; breasts because of lactation. So these are all included in the reproductive system along with the brain. Because as we learned from the last episode, sex starts in the brain.

Q: Do you remember what part of the brain releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A: The hypothalamus. Do
you remember where the GnRH travels to and acts upon?

A: The anterior
pituitary.

Nice job, you guys are
so smart, you should all be doctors!

If you missed those
questions, no worries. We will review them in, like, 30 seconds; you could also
review the last episode which goes over the male reproductive system.

The ovaries produce
some major female hormones, like estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is also
responsible for the secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development
and the widening of the hips.

But just as in males, it all starts in the brain. The hypothalamus regulates the hormones released by the anterior pituitary through the portal blood that travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary. Just like in males, the hormones that are released from the hypothalamus is gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH. The GnRH runs up to the anterior pituitary and tells it to release the luteinizing hormones, LH, and follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH.

Hell, yes! Those are the exact same hormones that are released in male brains. I love it when I go to learn something and I’m like, “Wait a second. I already know and understand that because I learned all about it, over there!” (“Over there” is the podcast that talked about the male reproductive system.)

The hormones FSH and LH
travel through the blood to the ovaries. We are going to pause there for a
minute with the hormones, and we are going to do a broad overview of meiosis in
females to really get a
general idea about the different aspects of meiosis, a.k.a. ova development and
the ovarian cycle.

Let’s start with the
specifics of female meiosis. There are some very big differences between males
and females. (I can hear all of you that just said, “Duh…”) First, females do
not have the same unending supply of stem cells as men do in spermatogonia.
Females have ALL their eggs, at birth. The ovaries created the eggs during Baby
Girl’s gestation, and the eggs just remain in an inactive state until puberty.
The production of female gametes, eggs, is called oogenesis.

Q: Do you remember what
the production of males gametes was called?

A: Spermatogenesis.

The double “oo-” thing
you will see is because “oo-”…I don’t know how to pronounce it, but the “oo-”
means “egg” in Greek. So the word oogenesis literally means “egg birth”.

Early in uterine development, the precursor germ cell is called an oogonium. (Sound familiar? Remember, the male germ cell is spermatogonium.) Anyway! The oogonia undergo a ton of mitotic division to make loads of themselves. At around seven months, the division stops, and this is the egg supply that the baby girl will have for the rest of her life. But there are actually a ton of them, anywhere from two to four million.

Which would be a ton of
babies.

So females have all
their eggs at birth, and all the eggs have already gone through interphase and
replicated their DNA and entered meiosis I. The eggs are really just hanging
out as primary oocytes. They have
started meiosis but have stopped immediately in the first stage of meiosis I.

Q: What is the first
stage of meiosis I?

A: prophase I.

So these cells are in meiotic arrest. Meiosis has been stopped—arrested. So when a baby girl is born, her eggs will be in meiotic arrest in prophase I until she enters puberty and has her first period, which is called menarche (men-arch-EI). I actually didn’t know that was the name of your first period until I started fact-checking this episode.

I didn’t mention this
in the last episode, but biological sex is determined by the 23^rd
pair of chromosomes. Males have XY chromosomes and females have the XX
chromosomes. So ova only carry the X chromosome and sperm can carry the X or Y.
Which I find slightly vindictive because back in the day women were blamed for
having girls and then—BAM!—science is like, “Yeah, no, that’s on you sperm
donors…” And I’m pretty sure all the ladies that were ever harassed for
having daughters just felt so vindicated when they got to heaven and were like,
“Ya, no dudes, that’s on you!”

So every month, one
primary oocyte will complete meiosis
I and become a secondary
oocyte. This is what gets ovulated. (This is a side note that I googled to
learn: Meiosis I isn’t completed until the day before ovulation.)  Now you have listened to episode 1 and have
meiosis down and you are like, hold up: One 2n cell splits into two n
cells with meiosis I. Which is true. But in females, one of the cells gets all
the cytoplasm and the other is called a polar body. The polar bodies just
wither up and die because they didn’t get any of that cytoplasm. We are
basically putting all of our eggs in one basket, or all of our cytoplasm in one
ova.

So every month, one
primary oocyte will complete meiosis
I and become a secondary
oocyte. This is what gets ovulated. Along with the secondary oocyte, a
polar body is produced. With each round of meiosis, one polar body is produced.
Which leaves our end count at one ova and two polar bodies discarded.

Q: Were you paying
attention? What stage is the egg in when it gets ovulated?

A: A secondary oocyte
is ovulated.

The secondary oocyte
then pauses in metaphase II and will
not complete meiosis II unless fertilized.

So, the egg is just
hanging out, in the fallopian tubes and—for kicks and giggles—let’s say that
the egg is fertilized. Sperm has managed to penetrate the zona pellucida and
corona radiata, which are layers that surround the egg. This triggers meiosis
II to proceed forward to an ovum and a polar body. The ovum is successfully
fertilized and is now a zygote.

I know that was kinda
thick so let’s do a review/questions.

Q: What phase is are
all oocytes arrested in until they are chosen to mature during an ovarian
cycle?

A: prophase I.

Q: What specific phase
is an ovulated egg arrested in?

A: metaphase II.

Q: When will an oocyte
undergo meiosis II?

A: not until a sperm
cell penetrates the zona pellucida and corona radiata.

You guys might be
thinking, “The zona whats’a and a beer?”

So the corona radiata
and zona pellucida are just layers that surround the egg, and the acrosome
fusing sets off enzymatic reactions that help the nucleus of the sperm get
through the layers to the nucleus of the cell. This reaction is what signals
meiosis II to finish.

How are we gonna
remember what phase the ova get arrested in? Okay. Arrested in meiosis I in
prophase I; arrested in meiosis II in metaphase II. I remember this because
prophase is the FIRST phase so meiosis I; so, the primary oocyte is arrested in
the primary phase of meiosis.

And in meiosis II it is hanging out in metaphase II which is the second phase of meiosis. If you don’t remember this, give episode 1 another listen.

***insert oogenesis flow chart

Now let’s talk about
the path the egg takes from the ovary to the uterus.

In my opinion, the egg’s path is a simpler path than the sperm takes in males. So we don’t really need a terribly awesome roller coaster analogy to remember this pathway. The ovary actually releases the egg into the abdominal cavity and the oocyte will get pulled in by the fimbriae, which are just beating cilia, and travel through the fallopian tube. The fallopian tubes are where eggs often get fertilized. Then the egg continues to the uterus. This is where the fertilized egg should implant. From the uterus, there is the cervix, that separates the uterus from the vagina. Then the vagina is where the sperm are often deposited.

Phew, you guys got
that!? You’re doing great.

Now let’s take a look
inside the ovaries. Remember, the oocytes are hanging out as primary oocytes,
arrested in prophase I of meiosis. Actually, before we start that, let’s do a broad
overview of an ovarian cycle.

Each month an egg goes
through a maturation process. This cycle creates the secondary oocyte that can
then be fertilized by a sperm, and if all of these exact processes happen—ta
da!—BABY! This
ovarian cycle is responsible for the menstrual cycle. So we will look at them
in tandem. It is also important to remember that fluctuations in female sex
hormones, released from the ovaries, control the development of the egg and the
menstrual cycle.

The main sex hormones released from the ovaries are estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.

Q: Do you remember what major sex hormones the testes make?

A: Testosterone.

Q: Do you remember what cells make testosterone?

A: Interstitial cells of Leydig, which creates secondary sex characteristics like bigger muscles, which is why they are so good at digging holes.

Okay, let’s start with a broad overview of the
ovarian cycle.

Cycles are approximately 28 days long, and day one is the first day of menstruation. Day one through day 14 is called the follicular phase. Ovulation happens on day 14. So, halfway through the cycle, ovulation occurs. Day 15 through 28 is the luteal phase. We will be going into more detail, but I think that having a broad picture going in is helpful.

It’s a basic bell
curve, going up its the follicular phase. At the top in the middle is day
14—ovulation—and going down the other side of the curve is the luteal phase.

** inset bell curve pic

So first I need you to
picture an American football or rugby ball. They are round but have those
pointy-ish ends. You are holding this ball out in front of you with the pointy
ends out horizontally so they are lining up with the earth. The pointy ends run
left to right in front of your face. Or a lemon—you know, for those of you that
are totally like, “That’s the sport that has a ball, right?”

Now, this is the shape of an ovary (roughly). Starting with the point on the right as day one and tracing the outside of the ball, going counter-clockwise, over the top to the other point. This other point is day 14. Now continue around the ball going counterclockwise, along the bottom, back to the point on the right. Back to day one. In a full circle. Or, you know, a cycle!

Having this imagery really helps me in
understanding where we are at in the ovary, on each day, which translates to
having an understanding of what hormones are increasing, decreasing, spiking,
etc.

*insert pic of football/lemon cycle

Now let’s follow one of
these eggs through to ovulation and see what happens.

In the ovaries, females
have a ton of these primordial follicles, and primordial follicles are the most
immature stage of an ovarian follicle’s development. It’s the oocyte that is
surrounded by a single layer of cells. And for me, when I hear primordial
follicle, I’m thinking old-school Jurassic Park. Like the first Jurassic Park,
with Jeff Goldbloom, here they watch the egg hatch at the beginning.

“Life, uh, finds a way”

All of this imagery
really helps me remember that the most basic stage of egg development is called
a primordial follicle. Come on, they named it primordial, which, yes, makes
sense since it means giving origin to something. But all I can think of is
dinos.

“Clever girl.” Okay,
I’ll stop. But I’m gonna watch that movie tonight and I’m gonna link the egg
hatching scene in the script notes. You’re welcome.

Inside the ovaries,
eggs develop in follicles. (Follicular phase is starting to make sense, huh?)

So, day one, we are looking at the ball in front
of us. We are focusing on the pointy end on our right. We are calling this “day
one”.

Day one, a follicle is
one egg surrounded by a layer of granulosa cells. Remember granulosa cells.
They are very important and we will talk about them more, but the granulosa
cells become more and more numerous as the follicle matures. I like to think of
this follicle starting out on the right side and moving slowly counterclockwise
to the other point. During this time, the granulosa cells increase and get
larger.

The granulosa cells are
responsible for some of the sex hormones, specifically estrogen (which we will
go into the detail of). So thinking of the number of cells increasing over the
next 13 days, what would you expect to happen?

You would expect the hormones that the granulosa cells make to increase, more cells equal more hormones.

So while the oocyte is progressing towards day 14 and getting more granulosa cells and growing in size, it’s making more and more estrogen. During this progression of the follicular phase, there is a layer that develops between the granulosa cells and the oocyte. This layer is the zona pellucida. (Wait a second, that sounds familiar!? Remember the zona pellucida is one of the layers that surround the cell that the sperm has to penetrate.)

I say that, and then I
hear Fat Amy say, “Not a good enough reason to use the word penetrate.”

Even though there is now this wall—the zona
pellucida—that separates the egg from the granulosa cells, the granulosa cells
can still nourish the egg through gap junctions. So it’s a wall that has all
these gateways that are open.

The egg at this point is still stuck in meiotic
arrest; it hasn’t completed meiosis I yet.

Q: Do you remember what phase of meiosis the egg
is stuck in right now?

A: Prophase I! You all got that right, didn’t
you!! If not, don’t worry about it. You will pick that detail up on your next
listen of this episode.

Q: For those of you that have already listened
to episode 1 on meiosis, how many chromosomes does the egg have at this phase?
The egg is in meiotic arrest
(kinda like house arrest) in prophase I, so how many chromosomes?

A: 46 chromosomes.

Q: How many sister chromatids?

A: 92!!!

If you just got that without even stressing a
hair, I am legit proud of you, and you should probably buy yourself a cookie.
If you didn’t get it, or if it took you a little longer than it should, don’t
sweat it. Buy yourself a cookie and listen to episode 1 to freshen up on the
details of meiosis.

If you guys haven’t noticed by now, I am really
going to try and build and pull information from previous episodes into the new
episodes so that we are repeating everything and really building those
connections.

Okay, back to the ovary. We are in the follicle
and we have granulosa cells that all around and increasing in number, and we
also have a layer separating the granulosa cells from the egg, but it has gap
junctions so that the egg and the granulosa cells can still chat through
hormones, and the egg is still stuck it prophase I of meiosis I.

Now, another layer starts to form around the
outside of the granulosa cells. These cells are called theca cells. Theca cells
are important because they have receptors for luteinizing hormone, which is the
hormone that is released from the anterior pituitary.

Starting from the outside of this follicle,
working our way in, let’s go over the layers, as of right now. The outermost
layer is the theca cells, then the granulosa cells, then the zona pellucida,
then the egg.

Once the luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary binds the theca cells, the theca cells produce a hormone called androstenedione. Once the theca cells make the androstenedione, they hand it to the granulosa cells who convert the androstenedione into estrogen.

Legit what came to my mind when I was researching this: Have you seen that otter meme? It’s super old. But it’s an otter holding up a baby otter and there are the words, “I MAED DIS”. This is how I aced my classes, converting complex science principles to memes and gifs. And I kinda picture the theca cells holding out the androstenedione to the granulosa cells being like, “I MAED DIS”.

And, obviously, in my mind, the granulosa cells reply, and they pat the little otter on the head like you would a child, and they say, “Oh, that’s so nice, I love it.” And then they take the androstenedione and make it into something usable—estrogen. Then they release the estrogen levels into the blood.

So the blood estrogen levels start to go up; estrogen
will increase until ovulation and then drop slightly.

Eventually, at around day 14 the follicle is so large that it presses up against the edge of the ovary and the egg ruptures out with the help of some enzymes, leaving behind its house of granulosa cells.

Now, normally only one egg develops to the point of rupturing out of the ovary, even though several start along the path. The one that makes it and is ovulated is called the dominant follicle. If you have a few eggs that all make it and are ovulated, you have one way to get twins or multiple births.

So the egg has left the follicle and ovary behind and is getting swept up by the fibrae and taking its own journey. But what happens to the house that was left behind? All those granulosa cells?

Just really quick, for reference, we just passed day 14, so if we are looking at that football (or lemon), we went from the point on the right, counter-clockwise, to the point on the left (day 14) and the egg was expelled from the ovary. Now we are continuing our cycle, counter-clockwise, back to day one.

The follicle that
expelled the egg now transforms itself into a structure called the corpus
luteum. Which is basically a dead follicle. I mean it’s called a “corpus”. The
corpus luteum secretes three hormones: estrogen, inhibin, and progesterone.
Let’s delve in!

The corpus luteum is like when you move out of your parents’ house and your entire life they went to bed at 10. And you go home for a surprise visit and arrive at 11 thinking they are going to be asleep, but instead they are having a pool party with all the neighbors and your house is really just not the same. This is basically what happens. The egg is out and the follicle becomes the corpus luteum. (Luteum, as in luteal phase—sound familiar?)

In this new house, the granulosa cells actually
get a lot bigger and continue producing estrogen, but the corpus luteum really
starts pumping out progesterone and some inhibin. Some progesterone and inhibin
is produced during the follicular phase, but a lot is produced in the luteal.

Estrogen will increase until ovulation and then drop slightly. Inhibin
is present after ovulation and will increase after ovulation because of the
corpus luteum. Progesterone levels were low until after the ovulation and will
continue to increase after ovulation, during the luteal phase.

So on day 21 of the female reproductive cycle, progesterone is increasing, inhibin is increasing.

Inhibin inhibits, so it will inhibit the secretion of FSH. We are in the
luteal phase; we don’t need any more follicles stimulated. We don’t need any
more eggs to mature just yet.

Inhibin lowers the amount of FSH—follicle-stimulating hormone—that is released from the anterior pituitary. Which, if think about the words, is literally telling you what it does, and it makes sense. Follicle-stimulating hormone stimulates the follicles to develop and mature. But when we are in the second phase of the cycle, the luteal phase, we don’t want follicles stimulated. We don’t want eggs to keep developing. So when the follicle becomes the corpus luteum, it starts producing inhibin to inhibit the FSH so that follicle growth isn’t stimulated.

Nifty little system, right?

Women’s hormones and cycles can look like a lot at first glance, but I have found if I really understand what is at play, they aren’t as terrible as that graph you are shown in physiology, here you are like, “Holy shit. Women are so freakin’ complicated!” And not to say that we aren’t complicated. But if you break down the cycles and hormones, it’s not so bad.

Taken from clue, the app that helps you track
your cycle. Find the article here:

https://helloclue.com/articles/cycle-a-z/the-menstrual-cycle-more-than-just-the-period

Progesterone is the most important hormone in
the luteal phase

Progesterone stimulates endometrial growth.
Which is great because the name, “progesterone”, is telling you what it does.
Pro-, as in “in favor of”; gest-, as in “gestation”. Actually, “gest” is Latin
for carried (as in carrying a baby). “Progesterone” the word basically means
“in favor of carrying a child”. It makes sense that your endometrial lining
will grow to get ready for implantation to occur. And the lining would need to
be ready for this implantation after ovulation. So progesterone levels go up
drastically after ovulation.

If you ever get stuck on a hormone question go
back, in your brain, to the thing that you absolutely know. And now you know
that progesterone is pro-baby. To get ready for baby the uterus walls need to
be ready. When do the uterus walls need to be ready? They need to be ready
after ovulation when there is a chance for pregnancy.

And you won’t ever forget that is what
progesterone does because the word tells you what it does.

Progesterone also has a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and inhibits GnRH.

At the end of the cycle, the corpus luteum is going to degenerate, so all those hormones will decrease. The progesterone and the estrogen and the inhibin will start to decrease because the corpus luteum is degrading, so it can’t produce those hormones at the same level. Makes sense, huh? The decrease in progesterone means that progesterone is no longer at a high enough level to inhibit the GnRH. and inhibin isn’t inhibiting, so a new cycle will be able to start. It also means that these hormones cannot maintain the endometrial lining of the uterus so it will shed, a.k.a. the period.

***feedback loop pic

So if the egg doesn’t get fertilized, the corpus luteum reaches its max size, and the corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis. This is around day 25 in the 28-day cycle.

But if the egg does get fertilized, the corpus luteum hangs out. And by hanging out, I mean it keeps living and producing estrogen and progesterone. This is really important because it is this estrogen and progesterone that take care of the endometrium where the egg will be implanted.

Wow, that was a lot. To
reward you I will ask you a question.

Q: What are the two
phases of the ovarian cycle called?

A: One to 14 is the
follicular phase, and 15-28 is the luteal phase.

Boom aced it.

There are some really
great graphs that give good visuals of the hormones. If you have a second,
google that. But we are still going to create a really good understanding, so
that you can picture this in your head, so that when it pops up on the MCAT,
you will be like, “Oh yeah, I have that filed right here in my mind palace.”

Now let’s talk about
the uterus and do a little review at the same time.

Did you guys ever see
the movie with Ashton Kutcher and Natalie Portman…I can’t think of what it’s
called…

I googled it. It’s No
Strings Attached. I still get a kick when Ashton brings cupcakes to the
apartment full of doctors all on their period and recites what is happening to
their bodies from an excerpt he found on google.

Anyway, the uterus is
that organ that is kinda a pain in the ass, as it causes periods. I mentioned
earlier that day one is the first day of the period, medically called menses.
This is when the uterine lining sloughs off. Menses is considered to be days
one to seven, but it usually doesn’t last a full seven days. Then, after the
endometrial lining is gone, there is what is called the proliferative phase,
where the lining starts to build back up in hopes that an embryo will be implanted.
After day 14, it is what is called the secretory phase.

So the endometrium has
three phases: one, menses, days one to seven; two, proliferative, days eight to
14; and three, secretory, days 15-28.

After the end of
menses, roughly days five to seven, the endometrium will grow increasingly
thick in preparation for the implantation of a zygote. If implantation does not
occur, the uterine lining will slough off and start over.

Point of clarification: You will hear or see day zero sometimes. Day zero is day 28 of the previous cycle. So there isn’t ever space where you would see day 28, then day zero, then day one. It’s either 28 or zero, then one.

So from the anterior pituitary, we have FSH and LH being released. The FSH is stimulating the growth of the follicle. I mean, come on. It’s called follicle-stimulating hormones. So down in the ovary, the follicle will start to develop and get surrounded by those granulosa cells. As it gets bigger, the number of granulosa cells are increasing.

The more granulosa
cells there are, the more estrogen they will secrete so the estrogen levels
start to go up in the blood.

Remember the LH cells
cause the theca cells to make androstenedione, which it hands over to the
granulosa cells, which converts it into estrogen.

So as the follicles grow, the estrogen really starts to go up. These estrogen levels really start to rise around days seven to nine, which means that the uterus is in the proliferative phase. The uterus is proliferating because the estrogen levels are telling the endometrium, “Hey, it’s that time again. Let start building up in hopes of a baby.”

Let’s check back in
with the brain. The hypothalamus in the brain is really responsible for
homeostasis, which means it is always keeping track of what’s going on in the
body, what’s going on in the blood. So the brain senses that the estrogen
levels are getting high so the levels of FSH and LH decrease slightly.

The granulosa cells are
still producing estrogen, but they also start to produce more inhibin and
progesterone.

Q: Do you remember what
inhibin does?

A: Inhibin inhibits FSH
release.

Q: Where is FSH
released from?

A: The anterior
pituitary.

This inhibin causes a
drop in the FSH.

So at this point, you can see that there is a type of negative feedback loop. Where the estrogen levels signal the brain to decrease FSH and LH.

***hormone loop

But at this point, the granulosa cells are like, “No, we got this.” They are a runaway train. So what happens is that the level of estrogen gets so high that it actually triggers a spike in the FSH and LH.

But remember the
granulosa cells have also been spitting out inhibin so the spike in FSH is not
as high as the spike in LH.

This huge rush of LH from the anterior pituitary is called a luteal surge. In my head, I think of it as a hallway that is getting flooded. It’s violent, there’s a surge coming at you. And this LH surge is what pushes the follicle to ovulation. After this spike, the FSH and LH slowly decline due to all of the progesterone and inhibin being pumped out by the corpus luteum.

https://makeagif.com/gif/titanic-hallway-flood-CnW6db

Let’s think: On day 14 we are at the left point on the lemon/football. So we are at ovulation and the follicle is about to turn that corner and become a luteal body. In the uterus, we are on the last day of the proliferative stage and moving into the secretory phase.

Yas, we are champions.

I know we just covered
a lot in this episode. It was a lot. I really hope that this podcast helped you
get a solid review in while driving or working, or hitting the gym, or
wherever. If you are listening, I tremendously appreciate it.

Study hard friends, and
do me a favor: Compliment a stranger today.

P.S. I am a fan of the
podcast Ologies and today I actually listened to the episode on
gynecology, and I found it so serendipitous that I listened to that episode at
work earlier today, and now I’m recording this episode. If you want to listen to
a really great interview with a gynecologist, check out the gynecology episode
on Ologies. I will also put a link in the script notes on the website,
Cellfielife.com

https://www.alieward.com/ologies/gynecology?rq=gyno

Study hard friends.